Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
Sodium hydroxide, nke a na-akpọkarị soda causticma mara ya dị ka "Ụmụnna" na Hong Kong n'ihi aha aha a.Ọ bụ ngwakọta inorganic na kristal na-acha ọcha na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nkịtị, yana nrụrụ siri ike.Ọ bụ alkali a na-ahụkarị, ma nwee ọnụnọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, metallurgy, ime akwụkwọ, mmanụ ala, akwa akwa, nri, ọbụlagodi ụlọ ọrụ ịchọ mma na ude.
Sodium hydroxide na-agbaze nke ukwuu n'ime mmiri ma na-ahapụ oke okpomọkụ n'ihu mmiri na uzuoku.Mgbe ekpughere ya na ikuku, sodium hydroxide ga-amịkọrọ mmiri dị n'ikuku, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gbazee mgbe elu dị mmiri, nke a bụ ihe anyị na-akpọkarị "deliquescence" N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ ga-emeghachi omume na carbon dioxide na ikuku ma na-akawanye njọ. .Ya mere, ekwesịrị ịkpachara anya na nchekwa na nkwakọ ngwaahịa sodium hydroxide.Na mgbakwunye na njirimara nke ịbụ soluble na mmiri, sodium hydroxide bụkwa soluble na ethanol, glycerol, ma ọ bụghị na ether, acetone, na mmiri mmiri amonia.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ekwesịrị ịmara na ngwọta mmiri sodium hydroxide bụ nke siri ike alkaline, astringent na griiz, ma nwee ike corrosivity.
Enwere ike kewaa sodium hydroxide nke a na-ere n'ahịa ka ọ bụrụ soda siri ike siri ike na mmiri soda dị ọcha.N'ime ha, soda siri ike siri ike dị ọcha na-acha ọcha, n'ụdị ngọngọ, mpempe akwụkwọ, mkpanaka na urughuru, na kenkuwa;Mmiri mmiri dị ọcha caustic soda enweghị ụcha na mmiri mmiri doro anya.
1. Chemical akụrụngwa:
Dị ka ihe akụrụngwa alkaline siri ike, enwere ike iji sodium hydroxide mepụta borax, sodium cyanide, formic acid, oxalic acid, phenol, wdg, ma ọ bụ jiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ inorganic na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ organic.
1)Inorganic chemical ụlọ ọrụ:
① A na-eji ya emepụta salts sodium dị iche iche na metal hydroxides dị arọ.
② A na-eji ya eme ihe maka mkpochapụ nke ore.
③ Gbanwee uru pH nke ngwọta mmeghachi omume dị iche iche.
2)Ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ Organic:
① A na-eji sodium hydroxide maka mmeghachi omume saponification iji mepụta etiti anionic nucleophilic.
② Dehalogenation nke ogige halogenated.
③ A na-emepụta ogige hydroxyl site na agbaze alkali.
④ Free alkali na-emepụta site na nnu nke organic alkali.
⑤ A na-eji ya dị ka ihe na-akpata alkaline n'ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ organic.
2, Production nke ncha
Enwere ike iji mmanụ saponified sodium hydroxide mee ncha wee meghachi omume na alkyl aromatic sulfonic acid iji mepụta akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ncha.Na mgbakwunye, sodium hydroxide nwekwara ike iji mepụta sodium phosphate dị ka akụkụ nke ncha.
1)Ncha:
Ncha ncha bụ ihe kacha ochie na nke kacha eji soda caustic eme ihe.
A na-eji sodium hydroxide mee ihe maka ojiji omenala kwa ụbọchị.Ruo taa, ọchịchọ nke soda caustic maka ncha, ncha na ụdị ịsa ahụ ndị ọzọ ka na-akpata ihe dịka 15% nke soda caustic.
Akụkụ bụ isi nke abụba na mmanụ ihe oriri bụ triglyceride (triacylglycerol).
Ngụkọta alkali hydrolysis ya bụ:
(RCOO) 3C3H5 (griiz)+3NaOH=3 (RCOONa) (sodium fatty acid dị elu)+C3H8O3 (glycerol)
Mmeghachi omume a bụ ụkpụrụ nke imepụta ncha, ya mere a na-akpọ ya mmeghachi omume saponification.
N'ezie, isi R na usoro a nwere ike ịdị iche, ma R-COONA emepụtara nwere ike iji dị ka ncha.
Ndị nkịtị R - bụ:
C17H33 -: 8-heptadecenyl, R-COOH bụ oleic acid.
C15H31 -: n-pentadecyl, R-COOH bụ palmitic acid.
C17H35 -: n-octadecyl, R-COOH bụ stearic acid.
2)Ngwa ncha:
A na-eji sodium hydroxide emepụta ihe dị iche iche, na ọbụna ntụ ntụ nke taa (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate na ihe ndị ọzọ) na-emepụta site na nnukwu ego nke soda caustic, nke a na-eji mee ka ọ ghara imebi sulfuric acid na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe mmeghachi omume sulfonation gasịrị.
3. Textile ụlọ ọrụ
1) Ụlọ ọrụ akwa na-ejikarị sodium hydroxide ngwọta na-emepụta eriri viscose.Eriri arụrụ arụ, dị ka rayon, rayon, na rayon, bụ ọtụtụ eriri viscose, nke sitere na cellulose, sodium hydroxide, na carbon disulfide (CS2) dị ka akụrụngwa n'ime ngwọta viscose, wee tụgharịa na condensed.
2) A pụkwara iji sodium hydroxide mee ihe maka ọgwụgwọ eriri na ịcha akwa, na maka mercerizing eriri owu.Mgbe ejiri akwa soda na-edozi akwa owu, a ga-ewepụ wax, griiz, starch na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekpuchi akwa owu, na agba mercerizing nke ákwà akwa ahụ nwere ike ịba ụba iji mee ka ịcha akwa ahụ dịkwuo n'otu.
4. Na-agbaze
1) Jiri sodium hydroxide mee ka bauxite wepụ alumina dị ọcha;
2) Jiri sodium hydroxide wepụ tungstate dị ka akụrụngwa maka tungsten agbaze si wolframite;
3) A na-ejikwa sodium hydroxide na-emepụta zinc alloy na zinc ingot;
4) Mgbe ejiri sulfuric acid sachaa, ngwaahịa mmanụ ala ka nwere ụfọdụ ihe acidic.A ga-eji mmiri sodium hydroxide sachaa ha wee saa ya na mmiri iji nweta ngwaahịa ndị a nụchara anụcha.
5, Ọgwụ
Enwere ike iji sodium hydroxide mee ihe dị ka ọgwụ nje.Kwadebe 1% ma ọ bụ 2% caustic soda mmiri ngwọta, nke enwere ike iji dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu maka ụlọ ọrụ nri, ma nwee ike kpochapụ ngwa ọrụ, igwe, na ebe ọmụmụ ihe ruru unyi mmanụ ma ọ bụ shuga gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ.
6. Ime akwụkwọ
Sodium hydroxide na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ.N'ihi ọdịdị alkaline ya, a na-eji ya eme ihe na-esi esi na akwụkwọ ịcha ọcha.
Ngwa maka imepụta akwụkwọ bụ osisi ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa, nke nwere ọ bụghị naanị cellulose, kamakwa nnukwu ego nke na-abụghị cellulose (lignin, gum, wdg).Ịgbakwunye ngwọta sodium hydroxide dilute nwere ike igbari na ikewapụ ihe ndị na-abụghị cellulose, si otú a na-eme ka pulp na cellulose dị ka isi ihe.
7. Nri
Na nhazi nri, enwere ike iji sodium hydroxide mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka acid neutralizer, a pụkwara iji ya kpoo lye mkpụrụ osisi.Nleta nke ngwọta sodium hydroxide nke a na-eji maka peeling dịgasị iche na ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dị iche iche.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji 0.8% sodium hydroxide ngwọta na-emepụta oranges mkpọ nwere sugar sirop zuru ezu;Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ngwọta sodium hydroxide na ntinye nke 13% ~ 16% na-emepụta peach mmiri shuga.
Ụkpụrụ Nchekwa nri nke mba China maka iji ihe mgbakwunye nri (GB2760-2014) kwuru na enwere ike iji sodium hydroxide mee ihe enyemaka nhazi maka ụlọ ọrụ nri, na ihe fọdụrụ enweghị oke.
8. Mmiri ọgwụgwọ
A na-eji sodium hydroxide eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọgwụgwọ mmiri.N'ebe a na-ahụ maka nsị mmiri, sodium hydroxide nwere ike ibelata ike nke mmiri site na mmeghachi omume nkwụsị.N'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ion mgbanwe resin regeneration.Sodium hydroxide nwere alkalinity siri ike yana oke solubility dị na mmiri.N'ihi na sodium hydroxide nwere oke solubility dị na mmiri, ọ dị mfe ịlele usoro onunu ogwu na enwere ike iji ya n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri.
Ojiji sodium hydroxide na ọgwụgwọ mmiri gụnyere isi ihe ndị a:
1) Wepụ ike mmiri;
2) Gbanwee uru pH nke mmiri;
3) Neutralize mmiri mkpofu;
4) Wepụ ion metal dị arọ na mmiri site na mmiri ozuzo;
5) Mweghachi nke resin mgbanwe ion.
9. Chemical nnwale.
Na mgbakwunye na-eji dị ka a reagent, ọ nwekwara ike-eji dị ka alkaline desiccant n'ihi ike mmiri absorption na deliquescence.Ọ nwekwara ike ịmịnye gas acid (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale nke sọlfọ na-ere ọkụ na oxygen, a pụrụ itinye ngwọta sodium hydroxide n'ime karama iji nweta sulfur dioxide na-egbu egbu).
Na nkenke, a na-eji sodium hydroxide eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere imepụta kemịkalụ, ime akwụkwọ, mgbaze aluminum, mgbaze tungsten, rayon, owu artificial na ncha ncha, yana n'ichepụta agba, plastik, ọgwụ na organic intermediates. , mweghachi nke ochie roba, mmepụta nke sodium metal, mmiri electrolysis na inorganic nnu mmepụta, nakwa dị ka mmepụta nke borax, chromate, manganate, phosphate, wdg, nke chọrọ nnukwu ego nke caustic soda, ya bụ sodium hydroxide.
10, Ike ngalaba
N'ihe gbasara ike, sodium hydroxide nwere ike iji mee ihe maka mmepụta mmanụ ọkụ.Dị ka batrị, mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ ụgbọala nwere ike inye ike dị ọcha ma dị mma maka ọtụtụ ngwa, gụnyere njem njem, njikwa ihe, na nke edoziri, obere na ngwa ike njikere mberede.Enwere ike iji resin epoxy mere site na ịgbakwunye sodium hydroxide maka igwe ikuku.
Okwu mmalite:
sodium hydroxide dị ọcha anhydrous bụ kristal translucent ọcha siri ike.Sodium hydroxide na-agbaze nke ukwuu na mmiri, solubility ya na-abawanye na mmụba nke okpomọkụ.Mgbe agbazere ya, ọ nwere ike ịhapụ oke okpomọkụ.Na 288K, mkpokọta ngwọta ya nwere ike iru 26.4 mol / L (1: 1).Ngwọta mmiri ya nwere uto astringent na mmetụta abụba.Ihe ngwọta bụ alkaline siri ike ma nwee njirimara niile nke alkali.Enwere ụdị soda caustic abụọ a na-ere n'ahịa: soda siri ike na-acha ọcha, ọ dịkwa n'ụdị ngọngọ, mpempe akwụkwọ, mkpanaka na granule, ọ na-agbajikwa;Mmiri mmiri dị ọcha caustic soda enweghị agba na mmiri mmiri doro anya.Sodium hydroxide bụkwa soluble na ethanol na glycerol;Otú ọ dị, ọ na-esighi ike na ether, acetone na mmiri mmiri amonia.
Ọdịdị:
White translucent crystalline siri ike
Nchekwa:
Chekwaa sodium hydroxide n'ime akpa mmiri na-adịghị, tinye ya n'ebe dị ọcha ma dị jụụ, kewapụ ya n'ebe ọrụ na taboos.Ebe nchekwa ahụ ga-enwe akụrụngwa ikuku dị iche iche.Ekwesịrị iji nlezianya dozie nkwakọ ngwaahịa, nbudata na nbudata nke flake siri ike na granular caustic soda iji gbochie ngwugwu ahụ imebi ahụ mmadụ.
Jiri:
A na-eji sodium hydroxide eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.Na mgbakwunye na-eji dị ka a reagent na chemical nnwale, ọ nwekwara ike-eji dị ka ihe alkaline desiccant n'ihi ike mmiri absorption.A na-eji sodium hydroxide eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na akụ na ụba mba, na ọtụtụ ngalaba mmepụta ihe chọrọ ya.Ngalaba na-eji sodium hydroxide kacha bụ imepụta kemịkalụ, na-esote ime akwụkwọ, mgbaze aluminum, mgbaze tungsten, rayon, rayon na ncha.Na mgbakwunye, na mmepụta nke agba, plastik, ọgwụ na organic intermediates, mmeghari nke ochie roba, electrolysis nke metal sodium na mmiri, na mmepụta nke inorganic salts, mmepụta nke borax, chromate, manganate, phosphate, wdg. , na-achọkwa iji nnukwu ego nke soda caustic.
Nkwakọ ngwaahịa:
A ga-ejupụta soda siri ike nke ụlọ ọrụ n'ime igwe ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ mechiri emechi nwere mgbidi nke 0 N'elu 5mm, nguzogide nrụgide n'elu 0.5Pa, a ga-emechi mkpuchi gbọmgbọm nke ọma, ịdị arọ nke gbọmgbọm ọ bụla bụ 200kg, na flake alkali bụ 25kg.A ga-edobe ngwugwu ahụ nke ọma na "ihe na-emebi emebi".Mgbe a na-ebufe soda caustic mmiri mmiri oriri site na ụgbọ ala tank ma ọ bụ tankị nchekwa, a ga-ehichapụrịrị mgbe ejiri ya ugboro abụọ.
Ogo nke ngwaahịa dị nnọọ elu.Ọ tụrụ m n'anya, àgwà ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site n'oge ịnakwere ajụjụ ahụ ruo n'oge m kwadoro nnata nke ngwaahịa bụ ọkwa mbụ, nke mere ka m nwee mmetụta dị ọkụ na ahụmahụ obi ụtọ.
Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ịtụnanya n'ezie.A na-akwakọba ngwongwo niile anatara nke ọma ma tinye akara ndị dị mkpa.Nkwakọ ngwaahịa ahụ siri ike yana ọsọ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa.
Mgbe m họọrọ ndị mmekọ, achọpụtara m na ihe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye dị oke ọnụ ahịa, àgwà nke samples natara dịkwa mma nke ukwuu, na ntinye akwụkwọ nyocha dị mkpa.Ọ bụ ezigbo nkwado!
